PPARG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Conversely, upregulation of PPARG expression, a proxy for pioglitazone hydrochloride, a drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes, was associated with an increased MASLD risk (P = 1.2x10−14, IVW odds ratio (95% CI) = 1.93 (1.62–2.31), Table 1).