In colorectal cancer, CRC-EVs activate NOD1 in macrophages, initiating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, CCL1, and CCL2) to promote tumor cell migration, while also promoting CRC liver metastasis (CRC-LM) by activating NOD1 (103). The gene discussed is NOD1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.