Age: Participants aged between 18 and 75 years; Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis: Participants diagnosed with T2DM based on the 1999 World Health Organization recommendations; BMI: Participants with a BMI between 18 and 35 kg/m2; Medication: Participants who were taking T2D medications such as sulfonylureas, meglitinides, metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP1-RA), thiazolidinedione, and insulin; Cognitive Ability: Participants who could understand and carefully follow study directions. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.