AKT1 and Alzheimer disease: Also, IR leads to decreased PI3K/AKT/GSK‐3 activity and downregulated Aβ oligomer binding sites in the synapse, which causes tau protein hyperphosphorylation and accumulation of Aβ, respectively, and further leads to the development of AD (Smolina et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018); in addition, prolonged hyperglycemia and IR also lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebral blood vessel dysfunction, and neuroinflammation (Singh et al. 2022).