In individuals ≥ 15 years of age at enrolment, increasing antibody levels to numerous P. falciparum antigens were associated with a greater risk of developing clinical malaria (Fig. 5), including IgG to CSP, AMA-1, and MSP-2; IgG1 to CSP, AMA-1, EBA-175 RIII-V; IgG3 to CSP, LSA-1, and MSP-2; IgA to GLURP-R0; and IgM to EBA-175 RII and Rh2-2030 (Fig. 5). This evidence concerns the gene CD40LG and malaria.