In individuals 5–14 years and ≥ 15 years, all significant associations (p < 0.05) at both time points were for increased risk of clinical malaria, except for IgM antibodies to some antigens in individuals 5–14 years of age in years 1–5 of follow-up, which were significantly associated with a decreased risk of clinical malaria (Tables S3 and S4). This evidence concerns the gene CD40LG and malaria.