In the present study, the only association of IgM antibodies with risk of clinical malaria was in individuals  ≥ 15 years of age, and in this age group, IgM antibodies to EBA-175 RIII-V and Rh2-2030 were associated with an increased risk of malaria, as was seen for IgG, IgG1, IgG3 and IgA antibodies to other antigens. The gene discussed is IGHG3; the disease is malaria.