PTAFR and cancer: These include 1) heightened expression of PAFR and PAF production by endothelial cells, platelets, and cancer cells; 2) stimulation of cellular proliferation; 3) activation of cyclooxygenase type 2 enzyme (COX-2), resulting in prostaglandin synthesis; and 4) induction of metalloproteases and serine proteases via Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) signaling pathways, ultimately leading to extracellular matrix degradation.