In the melanoma dataset, STModule identifies similar components from the two samples, including cancer cells (I), transition areas (II), lymphoid tissue (III; CD74, CD52, MS4A1), immune activities (IV-VI), CAFs, and melanocytes (GAPDH) (Fig. 4a–c and Additional file 2: Figs. S33-S39). This evidence concerns the gene MS4A1 and cancer.