TLR3 and neoplasm: It has been suggested that TLR3 ligands have three anticancer actions: (1) direct induction of apoptosis in TLR3-expressing cancer cells [19, 46], (2) activation of DC-mediated natural killer cells and CTLs [18, 47], and (3) induced secretion of chemokines, including CXCL10, from cancer cells, which recruits immune cells to the tumor microenvironment [16, 25, 48, 49].