CYP19A1 and hyperandrogenism: PCOS is associated with three main risk factors: genetic predisposition, hormonal factors such as insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, and environmental influences like nutrition and exposure to endocrine disruptors [121].Genes related to steroidogenesis and hormone effects, such as CYP11A1, CYP17, CYP19, and AR, are implicated in PCOS pathogenesis.