ACLY and cancer: Studies have shown that exosomes derived from cancer cells not only regulate the activation of HSC through the PTEN/PDK1/Akt pathway, but also modulate the enzyme activity of lipid metabolism-related enzymes such as ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FASN), indicating a positive correlation between exosomal content from cancer cells and lipid content in HSC (117).