In addition, gut flora transplantation in AD patients upregulates intestinal NLRP3 expression and peripheral blood levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice, suggesting that NLRP3 signaling in peripheral inflammation may be transferred to the CNS, triggering neuroinflammation and other AD pathologies (112). Here, NLRP3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.