Moreover, exosomal miR-3157-3p influences the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP9, and occludin in endothelial cells via the TIMP/KLF2 axis, driving angiogenesis, increasing vascular permeability, and promoting NSCLC metastasis through the establishment of pre-metastatic ecological sites (23). Here, VEGFA is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.