TNF and Alzheimer disease: AD mice have significantly lower abundance of members of the phyla Thick-walled Bacteria, Micrococcus wartyi, Aspergillus, and Actinobacteria, and increased abundance of members of the phyla Synechococcus and Teneribacteria (141); these changes may lead to TNF-mediated gastrointestinal inflammation, which can increase the risk of AD (142).