VEGFA and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Subsequently, trials such as IMpower-151, ORIENT-31, ATTLAS, APPLE, and HARMONI-A were initiated to assess the efficacy of a quadruple regimen involving anti-VEGF, anti-PD-1, and platinum-based doublet chemotherapy for TKI-resistant NSCLC (Lu et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2023; Park et al., 2024; Shiraishi et al., 2024; Fang et al., 2024).