These processes involve (1) enhancing inflammatory responses by activating NF-κB, IL-8, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, KC, MCP-1, 5-lipoxygenase, LTB4, and MMP, resulting in tissue damage and inflammation (114, 115); and (2) suppressing immune responses by activating NF-κB, TNFα, IL-10, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, thereby increasing the susceptibility to infections (116, 117). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.