AGT and diabetic kidney disease: Acrolein contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy by promoting the accumulation of extracellular matrix, increasing the production of angiotensin II (Ang II), activating MAPK signaling pathways that phosphorylate JNK, ERK, or p38, increasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-18, and TNF-alpha, and cleaving caspase 9, caspase 3, and PARP (119).