TNF and prediabetes syndrome: Studies indicate that IL-18 and IL-6 levels are higher in prediabetic individuals than in healthy controls.24 Huang et al found that IL-6 levels are significantly higher in prediabetes, indicating a potential link to type 2 diabetes onset.25 Mirza et al and other studies report increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in individuals with diabetes.26,27,28 In this study, inflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α showed significant differences between cases and controls (P < 0.001), suggesting their association with prediabetes.