SPON1 and atrial fibrillation: Concurrently, we identified 9 causal plasma proteins associated with AF (Wald ratio MR, FDR < 0.05), of which 6 proteins were found to increase the risk of AF (member RAS oncogene family (RAB1A), spondin 1 (SPON1), cofilin-2 (CFL2), hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH), annexin A4 (ANXA4), and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 2 (BDH2)) and three proteins decrease the AF risks (cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), phosphofructokinase, muscle (PFKM), and PLG) (Figure 1, Supplementary Table S3).