TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: conversely, AF can result in thrombus formation and coronary artery embolism, as well as a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand caused by the arrhythmias.5, 7, 11, 12 Additionally, inflammation has been proposed as a common risk factor, with inflammatory mediators such as TNF, IL-2, and TGF-β1 playing critical roles.7 While comorbidity between MI and AF has been established, their molecular connections—particularly shared causal molecules—require further elucidation.