TNF and neoplasm: This study also demonstrated more potent enhancement of human T-cell activation with toripalimab than pembrolizumab across multiple in vitro assays as indicated by greater induction of both Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF, GM-CSF and IL-18) and myeloid-derived (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL1RA) cytokines, as well as greater activation of human CD8+ T cells (higher IFN-γ secretion) in an assay lacking PD-L1-expressing antigen-presenting or tumor cells.