Similarly, the OS benefit with toripalimab for advanced ESCC with PD-L1 <1 reported in JUPITER-06 distinguishes it from a pooled analysis of patient-level data from the phase 3 RCTs for nivolumab, pembrolizumab and tislelizumab performed by the US FDA which found no clear OS benefit from treatment with these PD-1 inhibitors (18). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.