NLRP3 and Parkinson disease: Additionally, with Mn overexposure in Parkinson’s disease rat models, neuroinflammatory biomarkers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TLR4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), NF-κB, Caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were increased significantly, suggesting that Mn is involved in neurodegenerative processes through inflammatory mechanisms, such as TLR4/NLRP3/NF-κB [42].