AR and prostate carcinoma: Furthermore, commonly altered genes include AR (androgen receptor), ERG (ETS-related gene), c-MET (tyrosine-protein kinase MET), PTEN (phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome 10), and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway genes in CTCs correlated with the development of castrate-resistant prostate cancer [[70], [71], [72]].