In a study of 634 diabetesmellitus patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting, low preoperative serumalbumin levels predicted AKI independently, with an albumin level below 3 mg/dLshowing an AUC of 0.621 for AKI prediction (p < 0.001) [27].Furthermore, a separate study of 1182 patients undergoing off-pump coronaryartery bypass surgery found that preoperative serum albumin levels below 4.0 g/dLwere associated with a 1.83-fold higher risk of AKI than levels above thisthreshold [28]. Here, ALB is linked to acute kidney injury.