TNF and cancer: Several studies havealso reported elevated serum and plasma levels of inflammatory factors in olderindividuals, such as IL-1, IL-6, C-reactiveprotein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) [5, 25, 26, 27].According to epidemiological studies, inflammageing has been demonstrated as arisk factor for aging-related diseases, such as CVDs, cancer, neurodegenerativediseases, chronic kidney disease, and dementia [28, 29, 30, 31, 32].