TRPV1 and fatty liver disease: Capsaicin from Capsicum annuum induced thermogenesis in mice fed with HFD and reduced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by PPARγ and TRPV-1 expression/activation; it also modulated adipokine gene expression in adipose tissues from obese mice and upregulated the expression of UCP2, PPARγ, and PPARα while downregulating the expression of leptin [73, 79].