MANF and viral infectious disease: To visualize and quantify E and 3a protein expression following a wild-type viral infection, Caco-2 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Washington variant and localization with both MANF (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, ER marker; Spearman Correlation mean: E – 0.63, 3a – 0.50) and GM130 (cis-Golgi; mean: E – 0.52, 3a – 0.53) were found.