GIPR and Parkinson disease: In summary, GIPR agonism improves motor performance and memory while decreasing central inflammation and apoptosis in a variety of rodent models for AD and PD, and these effects are preserved, or even enhanced relative to GLP-1R agonism using GIPR:GLP-1R co-agonists, particularly when using molecules that have been optimized for enhanced BBB permeability [927].