GIPR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These include protection of Gipr deficient mice from diet-induced obesity and associated glucose intolerance [800,[804], [805], [806],[1008], [1009], [1010]], and amelioration of obesity and glucose intolerance in ob/ob and/or DIO mice by low molecular weight GIPR antagonists [1011,1012], Pro(3)GIP analogues [272,[1013], [1014], [1015]], active or passive GIP vaccination [[1016], [1017], [1018], [1019]], or targeted destruction of GIP-secreting K-cells [439].