In mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a chemical that blocks mitochondrial activity and induces Parkinson-like symptoms in humans [1072], [D-Ala2]GIP improves motor activity, protects synapses in the substantia nigra from the MPTP-induced toxicity, decreases central inflammation and normalizes cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling in the substantia nigra [1073]. This evidence concerns the gene GIP and Parkinson disease.