INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Nonetheless, consistent with the potential anti-obesity effect of GIPR signal inhibition, evident from early studies, are more recent reports showing that certain GIPR antagonists, or GIPR neutralizing antibodies, prevent HFD-induced weight gain, improve insulin sensitivity, and/or decrease body weight and food intake in DIO mice [939,1029,1030] and non-human primates [1024,1029], particularly when given in adjunct to GLP-1R agonism [1029,1031,1032].