TP53 and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: Additionally, shogaol suppressed proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and induced apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, while regulating apoptosis-associated factors such as p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3 [53].