GRIA2 and neurodegenerative disease: 2010; Greger and Mayer 2019). AMPA receptors lacking the GLUA2 subunit cannot effectively block calcium ion (Ca2+) influx due to the absence of the Q/R site modification (Orrenius et al. 2003). This results in excessive calcium ion entry into the cell, disrupting intracellular calcium homeostasis and triggering excitotoxicity, which can lead to cellular damage or death (Schröder and da Silva 2023; Guo and Ma 2021). Excitotoxicity is associated with stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases (Doi et al. 2006; Qin et al. 2022; Smith 2004).