Ligand-receptor pairs linked to high-risk tumors, including IL1A_IL1RAP, COL5A1_ITGB1, APP_NCSTN, PLAU_ITGA5, AGRN_ITGB1, and LAMC2_ITGA6, were found to be particularly enriched in tumor regions (Fig. 4B, S5A-C). Here, IL1A is linked to neoplasm.