CD4 and neoplasm: Interestingly, a combination of high CD4+ and low CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) predicts poor prognosis in GBM, indicating a complex relationship between T-cell subtypes and outcomes (Waziri et al., 2008; Abarca-Rojano et al., 2009; Han et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2015; Surace et al., 2021; Du et al., 2023; Kim et al., 2023).