Notably, significant differences in cytokine levels, particularly in systemic IL-4, IL-12 and IL-18 levels—identified as playing a crucial role in the early antibacterial host response during pneumococcal pneumonia (42)—were observed in the CRO + AZM + MP and CRO + LVX + MP groups compared to the other treatment groups. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and pneumococcal pneumonia.