CD4 and glioblastoma: After ICI treatment, the posttreatment GBM specimen showed a marked increase in the relative proportion of T cells, with CD3+ T cells rising from 9.8% to 32.7%, CD4+ TEM cells from 5.1% to 19.0%, CD4+ Treg cells from 0.4% to 4.5% and CD8+ T cells from 3.9% to 8.2% (Extended Data Fig. 3).