In randomized GBM trials, adjuvant anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) administered in combination with radiotherapy (plus temozolomide in methylated GBM) after maximal safe resection and followed by anti-PD-1 monotherapy to 12 months, showed no benefit over the standard Stupp protocol5–7. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and glioblastoma.