Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TxNIP) was recently established as a novel proapoptotic gene in the β-cells that is significantly overexpressed during hyperglycemia in T1D (Minn et al, 2005), and its expression in β-cells is directly elevated due to the toxic effects of continuous exposure to elevated glucose (Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene TXNIP and type 1 diabetes mellitus.