Studies in other inflammatory diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, show that esomeprazole can suppress a range of proinflammatory molecules, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (Ghebremariam et al, 2015; Ghebre, 2018; Pham et al, 2019), which play important roles in T1D pathogenesis. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.