On admission, the concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.0026), IL-2 (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p = 0.0009), TNF-α (p > 0.0001), and IFN-γ (p > 0.0001) were significantly upregulated in patients with malaria and typhoid comorbidity, comparing to healthy controls (Fig 3). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and malaria.