MTOR and cancer: Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, activates autophagy and is widely investigated for its anticancer effects; however, its clinical use is constrained because of the differing responses it elicits in cancer cells (Bahar et al. 2023, Holloway and Marignani 2021, Mukhopadhyay et al. 2016, Stephan et al. 2009).