GPBAR1 and helminthiasis: IHCs and western blot both showed that the expression of TGR5 in the mice without worm infection was significantly decreased after DSS treatment, compared with the normal control group (P < 0.01); however, the expression of TGR5 in the C. sinensis-infected mice with colitis was significantly elevated, compared with the DSS-administrated mice without worm-infection (Fig. 4e and f, P < 0.05).