Figure 1 illustrates that, following the exclusion of 117 patients without POD 3 CRP and 72 patients who underwent colon cancer surgery that did not fit any of our predefined categories (including procedures combining colorectal surgery with interventions in other anatomical regions, such as the ileum and hepatobiliary structures), a total of 1,536 patients were included in the study. Here, CRP is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.