PDCD1 and atherosclerosis: For example, the PD‐1/PD‐L1 signaling axis is essential for modulating the immune response to atherosclerosis.[27] Utilization of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors can exacerbate atherosclerosis, thereby elevating the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.[28] Moreover, PD‐1 plays an essential role in the central nervous system.