Vrbíková et al. described lean PCOS subjects with higher early-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion than controls (Vrbíková et al. 2002), and found that lean PCOS subjects had elevated fasting insulin despite normal insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, whereas obese women with PCOS were both insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic (Vrbíková et al. 2004). Here, INS is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.