INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: PCOS is associated with numerous comorbidities, including infertility, pregnancy complications, psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression, and metabolic dysfunction that may include insulin resistance, elevated insulin levels (i.e., hyperinsulinemia), obesity, dyslipidemia and increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Dumesic et al. 2015).