RCT: randomized controlled trial; SFN: sulforaphane; CSC: cancer stem-like cells; ALDH1A1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; HDAC5: histone deacetylase 5; LSD1: lysine-specific demethylase 1; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2; BSp: broccoli sprouts; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; BSE-SFN: broccoli sprout extract containing sulforaphane; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; RIMF: radiation-induced muscle fibrosis. The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is cancer.