CD4 and infection: While not the subject of this review, a more recent study noted that patients with both mRNA-1273 vaccination as well as prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited more robust neutralizing antibody production and S-specific B-cells were higher among patients with chronic kidney disease, and that the percentage of S-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were higher among patients who were dialysis-dependent than healthy hybrid controls (264).