TDP-43 aggregates have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of 97% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 45% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD, termed FTLD-TDP), 19–57% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as in numerous other NDDs, with distribution patterns corresponding to characteristic stages within these diseases (Tamaki and Urushitani, 2022; Cordts et al., 2023; Meneses et al., 2021; Liao et al., 2022). Here, TARDBP is linked to frontotemporal dementia.