NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In summary, luteolin has the potential to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress and improve cilia function in COPD by inhibiting NOX4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, regulating TRPV1 and CYP2A13/NRF2 signaling pathways, and modulating various signaling pathways and cytokines.