NFE2L2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: By modulating the TRPV1/SIRT6 and CYP2A13/NRF2 signaling pathways, luteolin exhibits a protective effect by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in COPD mice induced by CS-and LPS, as well as in A549 cells exposed to CS (Figure 7) (Zhou et al., 2023).