TNF and Sepsis: Sepsis is associated with the activation of pro-inflammatory mediators, among which, NF-κB is an important pro-inflammatory transcription factor that mediates the upregulation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-1β, leading to further amplification of inflammatory damage.