Similarly, dexmedetomidine, a potent α-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, is shown to ameliorate myocardial I/R injury in the context of diabetes via stimulating PI3K/Akt pathway, a typical protective signaling modulated by Cav-3 (Cheng et al. 2018; Sun et al., 2022b). This evidence concerns the gene CAV3 and diabetes mellitus.