CAV3 and Hyperglycemia: Our study has shown that remifentanil preconditioning-induced protection is abolished in diabetic hearts due to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and impaired Cav-3 expression, while antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine improves Cav-3 expression and Cav-3-dependent Akt and STAT3 activation, thereby restoring remifentanil preconditioning-induced cardioprotection (Lei et al. 2019).