INS and diabetes mellitus: In addition, abnormal changes in Cav-3 are considered to be closely related to the occurrence and progression of diabetes, involving the regulation of insulin signaling, glucose and lipid metabolism, redox reaction and mitochondrial homeostasis (Capozza et al. 2005; Murfitt et al. 2015), etc. Moreover, we and others have shown impaired expression of Cav-3 in diabetic hearts (Lei et al. 2013; Penumathsa et al. 2008), which may be a key reason for increased susceptibility to I/R injury in diabetic hearts.