TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: TNFα release from MCs reduced after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (Guzmán-Mejía et al. 2018) and a reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) release and NO efflux from mononuclear cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have also been demonstrated with α7nAChR agonists (Douaoui 2020).