Clinical AD diagnosis relies on physiological indicators such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), p-tau, and structural atrophy in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), constituting ATN (amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration) axis (Jack et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021). The gene discussed is MAPT; the disease is Alzheimer disease.