INS and Insulin resistance: In addition, compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the TyG index requires only the measurement of fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels, without the need for insulin concentration measurement, avoiding the limitation of HOMA-IR in certain scenarios, such as in individuals receiving insulin therapy or lacking functional β-cells [6], and its predictive performance for IR is even superior to that of HOMA-IR [7].