Of particular interest in the context of HCC, circulating CD8+ T cells directed against common target antigens such as GPC-3, NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A1, and MAGE-A3 have already been detected in HCC patients, but the tolerogenic function of the liver and the immunosuppressive TME have been suggested to interfere with the induction of efficient T-cell responses.14 This evidence concerns the gene MAGEA1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.