TLR4 and Cognitive impairment: Based on these results, this study established the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in regulating intestinal function and neuroinflammation following HI insult and proposed the intestinal LPS/TLR4 signaling as a key mechanistic target in mediating this process, providing new insights for molecular mechanisms and potential strategies of long-term cognitive impairments associated with neonatal HIBB.