TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Shen et al. (125) further studied DHEA-induced PCOS rats and suggested that berberine’s regulatory mechanism may involve cell apoptosis and the regulation of key signaling molecules, such as TLR4, LYN, PI3K, AKT, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, and caspase-3 expression.