If no infection is present, the pro-inflammatory response pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), are inhibited by cytoprotective receptors (Flaumenhaft et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and infection.